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摘要:三系两系杂交水稻是提高水稻产量最有效的技术。比较三系两系不育系遗传、选育,恢复系选育以及杂交水稻组合选育,对于正确认识三系两系杂种优势具有重要意义。本文综述了三系两系不育系遗传和选育、三系两系恢复系选育、三系两系杂交水稻组合的选育理论与实践等方面进展,并比较了中国水稻数据中心三系两系杂交水稻新组合产量差异。笔者认为三系两系杂交水稻育种技术不同,但两系三系杂交水稻不存在优劣之分。讨论了存在的问题,包括杂交水稻杂种优势机理、三系两系杂交水稻材料创新与育种技术等问题。针对以上问题,建议进一步研究杂交水稻杂种优势机理;加强三系两系亲本改良,聚合更多的优良基因,有更强的配合力;采用常规育种技术结合分子育种,提高三系两系亲本育种效率。
关键词:三系杂交水稻;两系杂交水稻;遗传育种;产量;配合力
中图分类号:S511
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1008-0457(2017)04-0001-08 国际DOI编码:10.15958/j.cnki.sdnyswxb.2017.04.001
Abstract:Three-line (cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line, maintainer line and restore) and two-line (thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) line and restore) techniques are most effective in increasing rice yield in the world. Understanding the genetics and breeding of CMS-line and TGMS-line, the breeding of their respective restores and the breeding of hybrid rice combinations would have great significance in realizing the heterosis of both the three-line and two-line hybrid rice. This paper reviewed the advances achieved in these areas. Furthermore, according to 133 new combinations released by Ministry of Agriculture of China in 2014-2016 (http:///), yield of 73 two-line combinations was similar to that of 60 three-line combinations, although the breeding techniques of three-line hybrid rice were remarkably different from those of two-line hybrid rice. The review also discussed the existing problems and suggested solutions. In order to solve the problems, it is necessary to (a) study the molecular mechanism in order to understand how main genes interact in heterosis of hybrid rice, (b) enhance three-line parents and two-lines parents in order to improve new parents with good genes and strong combination ability, and (c) adopt both classical breeding techniques and molecular breeding techniques to increase breeding efficiency.
Key words:three-line hybrid rice; two-line hybrid rice; genetics and breeding; yield; combination ability
水稻雜种优势的利用主要有三系法杂交水稻和两系法杂交水稻。1970年李必湖、冯克珊[1]在海南省崖县发现野败型(CMS-WA)雄性不育突变株,1973年实现了三系法杂交水稻配套。同年石明松[2]发现了光敏雄性核不育材料农垦58S。袁隆平[3]于1985年提出两系法杂交水稻育种战略设想。1994年育成了我国第一个通过省级审定的两系杂交水稻品种培两优特青,实现了两系法杂交水稻的突破[1]。自1973年起,我国选育和推广了大量的杂交水稻品种,既有大量三系品种,也有不少两系品种。水稻杂种优势突出,推广面积巨大。1990年以来,我国杂交水稻的年种植面积达到1500~1600万hm2上下,占水稻种植总面积的50%左右,产量则占稻谷总产的60%,比常规稻增产20%,增产的稻谷可养活7000万人口[1]。除中国外,世界上还有20多个国家引进和推广了我国的杂交水稻技术与品种,其中越南和印度种植规模较大[4]。由此可见,杂交水稻的应用取得了巨大成就。但是在杂交水稻研究上一直存在两大学术问题,一是两系法和三系法的争论,既有研究认为两系法配组自由,优势强于三系法;也有研究认为两系法品种少,推广面积小,不如三系法。另一个学术问题是,杂交水稻优势已经进入“瓶颈”阶段,产量难以提高。为理清这些问题,本文从三系两系不育系遗传育种、恢复系选育和杂交组合选育等方面,结合中国水稻数据中心(http:///)品种数据,将三系两系杂交水稻进行综述和展望。
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