单位文秘网 2021-07-22 08:11:41 点击: 次
摘 要:为探寻传统的中华武术技击精华,总结提炼中华武术的主要发力方式,并解析发力原理。研究认为:中华武术存在两种完全不同的发力方式,其一是以根节为起点,由下而上节节贯穿式的发力方式,其二是以命门、丹田为核心,从中节向四梢传递的复合式发力方式。前者是人类武技普遍具有的发力方式,这种发力方式符合鞭打原理,其最终速度因“鞭梢效应”层层叠加而达到峰值,因此,能否使梢节获得最大速度是关键,其训练要点在于骨骼肌的速度力量以及身体协调能力。后者是中华武术独特的发力方式,这种发力方式遵循弓的力学原理及气体膨胀的力学原理,因此,对自身骨骼结构的调整以及对呼吸之气的有效利用是这种发力方式的决定性因素,其训练要点是以脊柱为主的包括上下肢在内的“五弓”的弹性势能以及丹田劲的蓄放能力。
关 键 词:体育文化;发力方式;中华武术
中图分类号:G80-05 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-7116(2018)03-0009-07
Abstract: The objectives are to probe into the essence of Chinese Wushu boxing, to summarize the main ways of power explosion of Chinese Wushu, and to analyze the principles of power explosion. The author drew the following conclusions: Chinese Wushu has totally two different ways of power explosion, one of which is a penetrative way of power explosion, in which the root section is used as the starting point and the power penetrates all the sections from bottom to top, the other of which is a complex way of power explosion, in which Ming-men and Dan-tian are used as the cores and the power transfers from the middle section to the four limbs. The former is a way of power explosion commonly owned by human martial arts; such a way of power explosion is in conformity with the principle of whipping, its ultimate speed reaches the peak due to the layer by layer adding up of the “whipping effect”, therefore, whether the end section obtains the maximum speed is the key, its training key points are the skeletal muscle’s speed and power as well as the body’s coordinating ability. The latter is a unique way of power explosion of Chinese Wushu, such a way of power explosion follows the mechanical principle of bows and the mechanical principle of gas expansion, therefore, the adjustment of one’s own skeletal structure and the effective utilization of the air breathed in are the decisive factors, its training key points are the elastic potential energy of the “five bows”, which mainly refer to the spine and include the upper and lower limbs, as well as Dan-tian’s power storing and discharging ability.
Key words: sports culture;way of power explosion;Chinese Wushu
2017年4月发生的“徐晓冬魏雷约战”事件,不仅在武术界引起了轩然大波,而且由此导致整个社会对传统武术的大讨论。虽然从保护中华武术的角度国家武术主管部门曾正式发文严禁约架事件再次发生,武术界诸多专家委员、武术名家也一并发声,试图从各个角度阐释传统武术多方面价值,但由于没有抓住问题实质,没能切中问题要害,越来越多的人认为传统武术,特别是内家拳、太极拳谎话连篇,不堪一击,一无是处。“传统武术传播不能舍本逐末”,“需要切实改进以往传统武术比赛重表演轻实战的弊端,让传统武术重整旗鼓、重焕生机”[1]。
与现代搏击相比,传统武术到底有哪些技击精华?有什么独特之处?经过长期理论研究和实践探索发现:独特的发力方式是传统武术拳种很重要的技击精华之一。查阅相关资料,很多学者的研究曾涉猎武术劲力这个主题,绝大多数学者认为武术劲力的发放顺序是“起于脚,顺于腰,达于梢”[2-9],其中包括太极拳、劈挂拳的练习者及其经典拳论都持这种观点。不仅如此,而且拳击、现代武术散打等格斗类运动也都采用这种发力方式。可以说,这种由下而上节节贯穿的发力方式,是人类武技普遍规律。然而,普遍之中也有特殊,在长期实践基础上,中华武术的习练者探寻出一种“力由中节发”的特殊发力方式,不少学者在研究中涉及到这个问题[10-19],包括心意拳、螳螂拳、形意拳、大成拳习练者。特别是姜周存[20]、田金龙等[21]太极拳名家曾分别指出:练习太极拳时,“在意识的引导下,一方面由丹田處向四周梢节徐徐贯劲,另一方面各处骨骼肌肉可随动作产生对拉拔长和螺旋滚转的意感,即所谓意气潜转支撑八面”;太极拳是“以丹田为调控的内劲的活动方式”,太极劲即“以丹田为中心”的“由外向内的收劲”与“由内向外的透劲”的吻接状态[21]36-38。他们笔下的太极拳的劲力是以人体之中节为起始点,特别是以丹田为核心进行劲力调控。然而,这些学者只是提出这种观点,尚没有就两种不同的发力方式展开具体深入的研究,更没有对其从力学原理角度进行深入剖析,这为后来者提供了更大的研究空间。
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