单位文秘网 2020-09-17 09:46:15 点击: 次
1、 TWO MAIN LEGAL FAMILIES
Common/English/English-American Law (Legal) System/Family 普通法系
- case law system- Anglo-Saxon case-law system- Anglo-American legal system Continental/Roman/Civil Law (Legal) System/Family 大陆法系 - civilian legal system- civil-law system
2、 civil law 民法、国内法、罗马法、大陆法
3、 substantive Law(实体法) VS procedural Law (程序法)
4、 case law(案例法) vs. statutory law(成文法)
statutory / written / codified / enacted law 制定法、成文法
5、 adversary trial system (对抗制) vs. inquisitorial system (纠问制)
6、 jury trial system 陪审团制度
7、 The reports of the United States Supreme Court 联邦最高法院判例汇编
The reports of some States 州法院判例汇编
8、 legal cases法律案例
9、 private law and / vs. public law
10、 the statutory law continues to be subject to binding interpretation through case law (其成文法继续适用通过判例法 (注:即先例 )进行的有约束力的解释)
11、 Common law (in narrow sense):
common general law
local law
itinerant judges of the English royal court
enforcement of a claim
special form of action: writ
classical Roman law
Provisions of Oxford (1258) 牛津条例
“ writ upon the case”本案令状
12、enforcement 强制执行; claim 请求;action 诉讼行为; writ 法院令状; recourse 追索权;追索,追偿
13、 Equity law 衡平法
“equity ”——doing equity
chancellor
relief 救济
judiciary
- Court of Chancery (衡平法院) and / vs. ordinary common law courts -maxim
fixed, inflexible
equitable doctrines (e.g. law of salvage at sea)
In a conflict between law & equity,equity should prevail. 14、 award
compensatory, compensate
damages
specific performance 特定履行 |实际履行
injunction 强制令
real/immoveable property (不动产) and / vs. personal/moveable property (动产)
15、 common law remedy/relief: 普通法救济
- (compensatory) damages 金钱赔偿
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16、 equity/equitable remedies/relief: 衡平法救
injunction ( a temporary or final order to do or not to do a specific act) 制令
specific performance (a party to an agreement is ordered by the court to perform his obligations according to the terms of the agreement)
restitution
17、 judicial
express (明示) vs. implied (默示)
provision, provide
jurisdiction 管 区域 ,法域 ; (司法)管
civil suit 民事
title
the law of property 法
before the judge 在法庭上
17、 apply/applicable/available 适用于
be subject to 受。。。。的 束
This case is subject to Chinese law.
受 束,引申 适用
Chinese law applies / is applicable to / is available to this case.
适用于
18、 precedent 先例
judge-made law 法官制定的法律
make the law 制定法律
usage
term
connote / mean
in contrast to, as contrasted with
subject matter 的19、 Two parallel court systems(Double Track system)双 制 Federal Court System 邦法院系
- U.S. / Federal District Court 邦地区法院
U.S. / Federal Court of Appeals 邦上 法院
U.S. / Federal Supreme Court 邦最高法院 State Court System 州法院系
- Trial / circuit Court 判法院 |巡回法院
State Appellate Court (Court of Appeals) 上 法院
State Supreme Court 最高法院
20、 Separation of powers
Legislative branch: Congress
Executive branch:President
- Judicial branch: Courts
Checks and Balances
Judicial Review
the ability of a court to decide on the constitutionality of legislation 21、美国的法官
邦和州最高法院的法官
—— 大法官, justice Chief Justice Associate Justice
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上 法院和 判法院的法官
—— 法官, judge Chief Justice Associate Justice
基 法院的 判人
—— 治安法官, justice of the peace
—— 司法官, magistrate
22、The U.S. Supreme Court, compose of nine justices, sits as the final and controlling voice over all these systems美.国 邦最高法院由 9 个大法官 (1 Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justice) 成, 全部 些法律体系有最 的控制性的 言 。
23、 issue ,争 点
litigant 当事人
plead (the case)(向法庭) 述案情
; plead(在法庭)申 , 罪,
;申 ; 答 ; ?
, 抗
before a court
court/judicial decisions
judgment / decision / holding
review / rehear 重 ,再 ,复
appeal, appealable
proceed through
hear, hearing
as of right vs. discretionary
in which the court is located
discretion
territory
abolish
tribunal
24、 Two-tiered system
两 判制
25、Since 1988, review by the Supreme Court in civil cases is discretionary; virtually all civil appeals as of right to the highest court have been abolished.从 1988 年开始,最高法院 民事案件的复 有
决定; 上,所有民事案件都可以作 (法定) 利而上 到最高法院的作法已 被 除了。26、 (compromise) approach - (international conventions)
impose (on / upon sb.)
capital punishment
writ of certiorari
provided for by statute
specific
27、 ad hoc
Versus (vs. or v.):
29、允 上 ( grant leave to appeal),
30、 下 法院判决的 文件移送命令( writ of certiorari)
31、 US: Article III, section 2 (UK: Section 3, paragraph 2; CN: Article 3, paragraph 2)
Plaintiff vs. Defendant
applicant / claimant vs. respondent
appellant vs. appellee
court of first / second / last instance
court of last resort / final hearing / final judgment
higher/superior court vs. lower/inferior court
31、 constitutional 1. 法 定的 ,合乎 法的 2. 法的justice 1. 正 ; 公正 , 合理 2. 法律制裁 ; 司法 ; 判 3. 法官
judicial 司法的 , 法庭的 , 判的 ,法官的( e.g. judicial acceptance, judicial
decisions, judicial interpretation ? )
system, judicial
judiciary
判 的
司法,司法系 法庭或法庭制度;
; 司法的
( 称 )法官 , 判官 ;
司法系 ,司法部
; 法院的
;
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career judiciary 职业法官
learned judges (e.g. Lord Denning)
justice (supreme court), judge
bench (court) trial and / vs. jury trial
the rules and regulations 规章制度
provisions, treaties
laws, executive acts and regulations 法律,行政法令和条例
32、 be called/admitted to the Bar 具有开业律师资格
bar examination
the practicing bar 执业律师
the bench vs. the bar
be required to be admitted to practice (law) but do not practice while on the bench American Bar Association (ABA)
be admitted ( to practice) before the federal court
law firm
attorney / attorney at law / counselor ( civil)
advocate 辩护律师
consultant, advisor, planner, negotiator
house / corporate counsel专职法律顾问,公司法律顾问
The United States Department of Justice
(UK) solicitor / barrister
32、律师
美国
Lawyer 、 Attorney 、 Attorney – at-law 、 Counselor、 Counselor– at-law 英国
Barrister 诉讼律师,大律师,出庭律师
Solicitor 非诉律师,诉状律师,事务律师
32、大学后教育 ( postgraduate)
美国法学院设立的学位
JD, Juris Doctor —— 法律博士
LLM , Master of Laws —— 法学硕士
SJD, Doctor of Juridical Science—— 法学博士
33、 unjust enrichment
connote / refer to / mean
be available
elements, requirements, conditions, requisites, prerequisites Legal effect
performance
create / make / form / conclude / enter into contracts
breach
34、 It creates obligations for which some sort of legal enforcement will be available if performance
is not forthcoming as promised.
它设立了当不按约履行时, 便可由某种法律强制手段保证实施
的义务。
35、 Three elements in a transaction—— contract
The agreement-in-fact 事实协议
The agreement-in-written 书面协议
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3. The set of rights and duties 一系列 利与
36、 ownership: tangible(有形的) , intangible (无形的)
detailed / specific rules
govern / regulate
real property/ immovable property/ real estate(不 ) vs. personal property/ movable property/ chattel ( )
bodies of law
37、 Copyrights 版
Patents 利
Shares of corporate stock 公司股
Negotiable instruments 票据
- e.g. cheques, promissory , note, bills of exchange
38、 violate (the rights, the law), violation
property rights
individual rights
personal rights
infliction of physical injury
commission, commit a crime, robbery, etc.
criminal acts
tortious acts
39、
transfer / convey (conveyance) legal mechanism
law of contracts / torts expectations
40、 Legal mechanism for protecting the expectations that arise from the making of agreements for the future exchange of various types of performance. 合同法是保 期利益的法律机制, 期利益 生于就未来交易各 履行而制定的契 。
41、
proceed lease agreement
raise issues loophole
breach of contract and tort : concurrence
42、 fraud ” conduct欺 行
43、 Example of Contracts
Employment contracts 雇佣合同
Service Contracts 服 合同
Building Construction 建造合同
Insurance Contracts
Sale of Intangibles(stocks, bonds, patents, copyrights,etc)
44、 Expectation damages 期 金
Agreed upon remedies 救
Equitable relief 衡平救
45、 Formation of contract 合同的成立
contract formation
both parties to the contract
competent parties 有法定 格的主体,适格的主体 /当事人
legal capacity / ability 法律能力, 法定 格,法定身份
mutual assent 合意
meeting of the minds / mutuality of agreement 意思表示一致 invitation to treat / of offer 要 邀
counter offer 反要
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firm offer 实盘
revocation (revoke) 撤销
rejection 拒绝
lapse 届满
46、 Performance of contract
grounds for non-performance of contracts
mistake
changed circumstances:
impossibility and frustration of purpose 合同目的落空
force majeure 不可抗力
lack of (legal) capacity: minors 未成年人 , mental deficiency duress 胁迫 and undue influence 不当影响 misrepresentation 误述 ,虚伪陈述
unconscionability 显失公平
contracts against public policy, illegal contracts (legality)
47、 Breach of contract and remedies
compensatory damages 补偿性赔偿 vs. punitive damages 惩罚性赔偿
expectation loss 预期利益损失 vs. reliance loss 依赖利益损失
liquidated damages 议定赔偿 vs. unliquidated damages 未议定赔偿
specific performance
restitution remedies
repudiate, repudiation 拒绝履行
anticipatory repudiation 预期违约
repudiatory breach 毁约性违约
suspend
中止
cancel (cancellation) / terminate (termination) / rescind (rescission)
the contract
解除合
同
mitigation of damages
foreseeability
48、 categories
unilateral contract 单务合同 vs. bilateral contract 双务合同 express contract 明示合同 vs. implied contract 默示合同 formal contact 要式合同 vs. informal contract 不要式合同 valid, void, voidable contract 有效,无效,可撤销合同
quasi contract 准契约
49、 claim vs. debt 债权,债务
creditor vs. debtor 债权人,债务人
physical loss vs. non-physical loss有形损失,无形损失
e.g. loss of or damage to the goods, economical loss 50、 source / authority 法律渊源
leading case, leading authority
apply the rules of law to
decide disputes , cases
prior / past judicial / court decisions, cases
ordinances 条例,主要用于美国英语中
51、 Primary source (首要法源) VS Secondary source(次要法源)
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52、
the case subjudice / under adjudication
feel obliged to
obligation
regime of law
be justified on two grounds
justification
predictability
ascertainable rules of law
binding on / upon
the case presented for decision
an appellate court of higher rank (level) in
the same jurisdiction
material facts, circumstances
overrule the earlier decision, overruling
retroactively 有溯及力的the parties to the earlier case
the case under decision / adjudication
general application
enact
Statute of Frauds
evidenced by a signed writing
54、 Under the common law system:
enforceable
revision
Uniform Commercial Code
govern, regulate
reasoning
be bound to follow the provisions of a valid
statute
legislature
modify or eliminate
ascertain / find
construction, interpretation
legislative debates, committee reports
promulgation
in draft form
section
force of law
- a statute or a court decision has the ~
justify
cite, quote
judicial discretion
a. Judicial views/opinions: judicial decisions (primary authority, the law itself)
b. Legal commentary: commentary by legal scholars (secondary authority, NOT the law)
treatise vs. treaty
reported decisions of American courts
propose solutions for unresolved issues / disputes
56、 Intentional tort
Negligence or negligent tort
Strict liability tort
57、 Personal tort
Property tort
58、 maritime tort
the law of torts, contracts (tort law,
contract law)
damage claims
plaintiff vs. defendant
be entitled to do sth.
attorney
compensation and damages
actual loss vs. intangible damage
intangible damage: e.g. mental damage
recovery, recover
verdict
action, proceeding
award n. , v. ( ~ a verdict, money, damages, compensation )
the injured party, the aggrieved party, the offended party, the victim, the sufferer the tortfeasor, the wrongdoer, the offender, the offending party personal injury or death (loss of life)
recovery of damages, to recover damages
tort, contract claims
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59、 Conversion 非法占有
Personal injury 人身 害
Implied contract 默示合同
Breach of warranty 背保 言
60、
be liable / responsible for
express statutory provisions
tortious act
abolish
act as one ’ s agent
state immunity
61、 in limited form also children
( however, parents only then when they acted as the child
’ s agent
or did not comply with their duty to supervise ),在有限的情况下儿童亦然(但是,父母 当其作
儿童的代理人或未能按照其 行事 才 此 )
62
be protected against
a claim against sb.
provide, provisions
contribute to
third parties
63、由 引起, 生于,来自于
arising out of / from resulting from
originating from caused by
growing out of derive / stem / come from
64、Everyone is protected against tortious act, including the embryo. 每个人包括胎儿都受保 ,
免
遭侵 行 的 害。
65、 The heirs or next of kin may have a damage claim for the intentional or negligent death of their
relative or testator (wrongful death action ) 承人或近 属可以 他 属或立 嘱人因故意或疏忽侵 造成的死亡(非正常死亡之 )提出 害 要求。
66、 A party injured as a result of the intoxication of the tortfeasor has a claim against him who
contributed to the tortfeasor ’ s intoxication作 侵 行. 人醉酒之 果而受到 害的当事人有
向造成 侵 行 人醉酒的人提出索 求。
67、大体上 in the main 、 by and large 、in general、in principle 、in the gross、 on the whole 、as
rule 、for the most part 68、 Intentional Torts
Battery 殴打
Assault 侵犯他人身体
Conversion of property 非法侵占
False imprisonment 非法拘禁
Trespass to personal and real property 侵占 、不
Defamation
Invasion of privacy 侵犯 私
Products liability 品 量 任
69、 Intentional Torts
conversion: unauthorized use of property intentional torts against person
trespass to personal and real property intentional torts against property
nuisance Infliction of mental distress / damage
70、 tort liability for negligence
causality, causation
factors / elements / requirements / conditions / prerequisites / requisites
comply with / observe / follow duty of care
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objective(ly) vs. subjective(ly)
contributory negligence
prudent
defense
restrictive interpretation
assume( assumption of ) the risk
owe the duty toward
comparative negligence
gratuitously
last clear chance
71、 Guest statutes 宾客法规
72、 Contributory negligence 共同过失
73、 Comparative negligence 比较过失
74、 Strict Liability 严格责任
No fault 无过错责任
75、
rebuttable presumption
without regard to
deduce fault or negligence from
in view of
show / prove / establish / demonstrate
76、 The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur 不言自明原则
77、
fault(-based) principle
jointly and severally liable
adopt
joint torts 共同侵权
insurance premiums
nominal damages 名义上的轻微赔偿
insurance proceeds
compensatory damages 补偿性赔偿
liability insurance vs. property insurance
- economic loss vs. non-economic loss
cover the risk 投保风险
punitive damages 惩罚性赔偿
litigation
standard of care
注意标准
vicarious liability 替代责任
reasonable care 合理注意
vicariously liable
proximate cause vs. remote cause
joint and several liability 连带责任
78
partisan advocacy (偏向式辩护)
the two opposing sides/parties(对立双方)
79、 question-and-answer method
the opposing side, the opposing counsel
Object, your honor, irrelevant.
(The objection is )overruled /sustained. 反对被驳回 / 支持
You may proceed.继续
present the case
paramount
throughout the proceedings
existing 现行的judgment
vindicate (the legal rights and interests)
litigation, litigator, litigant
rule / ruling (on)
裁决,裁定
judicially developed doctrines
issue
regulate / govern
file a suit
80、 preponderance of the evidence* 优势证据原则
(under civil procedural law) - “balance of probability ”
proof beyond a reasonable doubt 排除一切合理怀疑原则
(under criminal procedural law)
81、 find / ascertain / determine / discover the truth
at trial
procedural rules vs. substantive principles of law
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preponderant evidence
82、 Civil Trial Process
Pleadings (initial formal process):
- filing of the complaint 提交起诉状
- service (to notify the D by serving a copy of the complaint) 送达
- summons 传票
- D ’ s answer 答辩状
- default judgment 缺席判决
- counter claim / cross claim
Pretrial process / motion:
- discovery process
- summary judgment
Selection of jury
Submission of evidence
Judge’ s charges (to the jury)
Jury deliberation and verdict
Judge’ s judgment
83、 Submission of evidence
Order of presentation
- opening statements: P, D
- (direct) examination and cross examination*: P,D (redirect / recross ~ )
- rebuttal evidence: P & D
- closing arguments: P, D
- P ’ s right of rebuttal
84、 trial docket
motion 动议
continuance or postponement
attorney / counsel / lawyer
appear, enter an appearance 出庭到案
closing arguments, statements, remarks
mistrial
enter a judgment on
85、提起诉讼
claim against sb.
proceed against sb.
bring actions against sb.
86、 affirm / sustain / upheld 维持
vary / modify 变更
reverse / overrule 推翻
revoke / vacate 撤销
remand / remit for reconsideration 发回重审
dismiss / set aside 驳回
remove 移送
dismiss / allow the appeal 驳回 / 支持上诉
institute actions against sb.
institute / bring proceedings against sb.
file a suit
moot court / mock court 模拟法庭
87、 coplaintiffs vs. codefendants 共同原 /被告
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the opposing side(s) / party (parties) 对立的双方 / 当事人
a matter / issue / question of law , a matter / issue / question of fact 事实
out-of-court settlement 庭外和解
ADR (alternative dispute resolution)
/ 法律问题
a procedure for settling a dispute by means other than litigation, such as arbitration or mediation
judicial opinion / opinion of the court 司法判决意见书
majority opinion 多数意见书 ; dissenting opinion 反对意见书 ; concurring opinion 附和意见书(同意判决结论,但反对判决理由)
holdings / decisions 判决
judgment:
ratio / radio decidendi 判决理由
dictum / obiter dictum 法官的附带意见 (即无关案件判决的陈述 )
reports / reporters 案例报告
transcript 庭审记录
writ of execution (to enforce a judgment) 执行令
litigation / arbitration proceedings 诉讼 /仲裁程序
notice of appeal 上诉通知
original / appellate jurisdiction
初审 /上诉管辖权
88、
evidentiary rules
proceeding
testimony
the matter / fact in / at issue
out-of-court statement
strike the evidence
the case at hand
adhere to / follow / observe / comply with
mistrial
take effect
enactment
pending
general provisions
construction, construe
rule, ruling on
substantial right vs. procedural right
injustice
except as / unless otherwise provided / stipulated by the law
provide / stipulate / prescribe / state / read / specify / set forth / lay down provision, stipulation, prescription 规定
testify thereto
parole evidence (口头证据) vs. documentary evidence (书面证据)
burden / onus of proof 举证责任
cause of action 诉因
allege,allegation 主张,指控
on the merits of the case 按案件实质
rationale 基本原理
promissory estoppel & waiver 禁止反言及弃权
approve, adopt, ratify 批准,通过
enact 制定 (法律 ); 通过 (法案 )
promulgate 公布,颁布 (法令、新法律等)
law , statute , act , code , regulation 条例 , ordinance 命令,决议 court rules 法院规则
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right, obligation / duty, responsibility /
liability
grant a new trial 下令重申
89、 proceed 行 , 下去;接着做
, 而做;前 ,
行
issue
; 争 点 ;
jurisdiction 管 ;司法 ;管 区域 ; 法域
90、在 一方面,在 一点上
in this regard
in / at this point
in this respect
in this connection
91、前述的above-mentioned
aforesaid
preceding
92、关于
with regard to / regarding / as regards
related to / in relation to / relative of
with respect to / in respect of
pertaining to
concerning / concerned with
associated with / in association with
93、
之
all in all \In the aggregate\To sum up\in short\in conclusion\in a word
94、大体上
in general
in the main
by and large
on the whole
in principle
as a rule
in the gross
for the most part
95、根据
in terms of
on the basis of
by virtue of
pursuant to
according to / in accordance with
on the ground that
in the light of
96、符合 , 与 一致
correspond to
conform to (with) / in conformity with
accord with
tally with
In line with
satisfy / meet / fulfill
be consistent with
97、因此
so
as a result
therefore
consequently / in consequence
hence
thereby / hereby
thus
accordingly
98、而且 , 另外
besides
apart from (that)
in addition (to)
moreover
further / furthermore
99、但是
however
nevertheless
but / though
100、
exclusive economic zone
territorial sea
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internal waters vessel under its flag
the archipelagic waters of an archipelagic state vessel of its registry
coastal Vessels having the nationality
land-locked shipping protectionism
fly the flag entitlement
the vessel flying its flag
fundamental/underlying/basic principles , general principles public / private international law
UNCLOS 1982 jurisdiction over a vessel
with reasonable regard to in this respect / regard / connection
framework
exercise( n.,v.) / enforce (enforcement) / execute (execution) / dispense title
register 登 ; 登 簿 ; 主管登 的人,登
registry 登
registrar 登 ,登 官; 登
priority in registration presumption
prevail (over) void, valid
in good faith confer on / grant / accord
elements / requirements / conditions / prerequisites
flag state treaty(ies), treatise(s)
assume, undertake be obliged to
citizens, subjects, nationals contracting parties, state parties
article, paragraph, subparagraph, senten
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