单位文秘网 2021-10-04 08:09:25 点击: 次
[摘要]石斛为名贵中药之一,市场种质混杂,其质量评价主要依靠辨状论质。为了解历代医药学家对石斛的质量评价观,该文对历代本草书籍中石斛的质量评价方法进行系统梳理。历代本草认为石斛的质量与种质、产地、加工及性状密切相关。石斛的种质有广义与狭义之分;霍山石斛、铁皮石斛及金钗石斛的临床应用侧重不同。自清代以来就推崇霍山石斛为道地。石斛的加工主要以鲜石斛和干石斛为主,两者临床应用各有侧重;枫斗的商品规格可能始自清代,但目前已成为石斛的主流商品形态。历代本草认为,不同石斛,其性状有别,临床功效也不同;石斛类药材常以黏性强者品质为佳。因此,传统的石斛质量评价结合了“种质”“道地药材”“加工”“性状”几个方面,并注意到石斛不同种质、不同加工方法对临床功效的影响。
[关键词]石斛;质量评价;沿革与变迁
[Abstract]Shihu is one of the most valuable Chinese medicines in China The sources of Shihu are complex and the quality evaluation of it mainly depends on morphologic characteristics distinction In order to understand the Shihu′s quality evaluation concept of Chinese herbalists in the past dynasties This paper summarizes the methods of quality evaluation in ancient bencao systematically The ancient bencao records that the quality of Shihu is closely related to its germplasm, habitat, processing and character The concept of germplasm about shihu includes generalized and narrow sense, besides, the clinical applications of Dendrobium huoshanenese, D officinale and D nobile are focused on different diseases D huoshanenese has been regarded as Daodi herbs since Qing Dynasty The main products of Shihu contain fresh goods and dry goods, their clinical applications are also treated differently Fengdou is one of the commodity specifications in Shihu Its processing method probably dated from the Qing Dynasty, but now, it has become the mainstream commodityform There was a common sense that different kinds of Shihu owed different characters and curative effects in ancient bencao, and the quality would enhance with the increasing viscidity Therefore, the "Germplasm", "Geoherbs", "processing", "characters" were integrated into traditional quality evaluation methods of Shihu Meanwhile, we should pay attention to the clinical efficacy of shihu with different species and processing methods
[Key words]Shihu; quality evaluation; evolution and transition
doi:10.4268/cjcmm20160730
石斛为中国传统名贵中药材,始载于《神农本草经》,被列为上品,其药用历史悠久,临床疗效显著。2015年版药典[1]收载了石斛与铁皮石斛,前者来源于兰科石斛属植物金钗石斛Dendrobium nobile Lindl、鼓槌石斛D chrysotorum Lindl或流苏石斛D imbriatum Hook的栽培品及其同属植物近似种的新鲜或干燥的茎,后者来源于兰科石斛属植物铁皮石斛Dofficinale Kimura et Migo的干燥茎。两者性甘、微寒,有益胃生津、滋阴清热的功效,临床用以热病伤津,胃阴不足,病后虚热不退,阴虚火旺,骨蒸劳热等。市场上石斛来源众多,约50种均可作石斛流通[25],鱼龙混杂,其质量评价备受关注。石斛含有丰富的多糖、生物碱、氨基酸等活性成分[4,67],但是由于缺乏统一的指标,以化学成分为评价指标体系难以全面评价石斛药材的质量。目前,市场上依然采用“看货议价”“辨状论质”。市场上对石斛的质量评价要素包括了种质、产地、加工以及性状等多因素综合评价。这些石斛传统习用的质量评价要素在漫长的历史中是如何形成与变迁的?故本文通过对历代本草文献记载的石斛资料进行系统研究,从石斛的种质、道地产区、加工及用法等方面梳理古今石斛质量评价的沿革与变迁,以期为石斛的质量评价提供本草学依据。
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