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[摘要]中药冬虫夏草是冬虫夏草菌和蝠蛾科幼虫尸体的物种混合体。但冬虫夏草和冬虫夏草菌使用同一拉丁名Ophiocordyceps sinensis (≡Cordyceps sinensis),导致特指概念不清和争议,甚至影响政府的政策法规的制订和大众的市场消费心理。该文综述了冬虫夏草(虫菌复合体)和冬虫夏草菌拉丁名混用的历史考证和现状,以及文献中有关天然冬虫夏草更名的建议。有学者建议O sinensis用于多种冬虫夏草菌,而中药冬虫夏草改用Chinese cordyceps,不设拉丁名。另有学者建议中药冬虫夏草更名为Ophiocordyceps & Hepialidae。这些建议有待学界达成共识。该文也分析2011年世界菌物学会IMA颁布《阿姆斯特丹宣言》以来学界在争议中实施“One Fungus=One Name”,进一步加剧了拉丁名特指概念的混乱。IMA为解决争议设立了争议解决机制。解决这一拉丁名的混用和争议需要菌物、动物和中药分类学家通力合作,共同努力。
[关键词]冬虫夏草虫菌物种复合体;冬虫夏草菌有性型和无性型;《阿姆斯特丹宣言》
[Abstract]Natural Cordyceps sinensis(Dongchongxiacao) is an insectfungi complex containing multiple Ophiocordyceps sinensis(≡Cordyceps sinensis) fungi and dead body of larva of the family of Hepialidae But natural C sinensis and O sinensis fungi use the same Latin name, resulting in uncertainty of the specific meaning, even disturbing the formulation and implementation of governmental policies and regulations, and influencing consumer psychology onthe market This paper reviews the history and current status of the indiscriminate use of the Latin name O sinensis for both the natural insectfungi complex C sinensis and O sinensis fungi and lists the rename suggetions Some scholars suggested using the term O sinensis for the fungi and renaming the natural C sinensis “Chinese cordyceps” Others suggested renaming the natural C sinensis “Ophiocordyceps & Hepialidae” Both suggestions have not reached general consensus due to various academic concerns This paper also reviews the exacerbation of the academic uncertainties when forcing implementing the 2011 Amsterdam Declaration “One Fungus=One Name” under the academic debate Joint efforts of mycological, zoological and botanyTCM taxonomists and properly initiating the dispute systems offered by International Mycology Association may solve the debate on the indiscriminate use of the Latin name Osinensis for the natural insectfungi complex,the teleomorph and anamorph(s) of O sinensis fungi
[Key words]natural Cordyceps sinensisinsectfungi (species) complex; the teleomorph and anamorph of Ophiocordyceps sinensis; The Amsterdam Declaration
doi:10.4268/cjcmm20160733
《中国药典》定义冬虫夏草为“麦角菌科真菌冬虫夏草菌Cordyceps sinensis (Berkeley) Saccardo寄生在蝙蝠蛾科昆虫幼虫上的子座和幼虫尸体的干燥复合体”。该定义明确冬虫夏草是虫菌复合体,不等于冬虫夏草菌。该定义也出现在菌物学及现代中医药学巨著中[13]。然而天然冬虫夏草和冬虫夏草菌却使用同一拉丁名C sinensis[1,4],导致特指概念混乱,甚至给政府制定和实施政策法规带来困难。
冬虫夏草,别名冬虫草、夏草冬虫、虫草、雅扎贡布(藏语,即长角的虫子),是一味中药,因其与季节成熟状态相关的、独特的形态特征和临床疗效而得名。英文译为“Hia Tsao Tong Tchong”,“Hea Tsaon Tsong Chung”等;日文译为“Tochukaso”[1,56]。据芦笛[5]考证,冬虫夏草的藏文记载最早出自藏医学家宿喀年姆尼多吉(1439—1475年)的《千万舍利》,远早于汉文典籍记载[《青藜馀照》(1712—1722年),《四川通志》(1736年),《本草从新》(1757年),《本草纲目拾遗》(1765年)等]。
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