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文化翻译理论视角下文化专有项的翻译研究——以《骆驼祥子》施译本为例
中图分类号 H319.5 论文编号 1028712 13-SQ009
学科分类号 050201
密 级公开
硕士学位论文文化翻译理论视角下
文化专有项的翻译研究
以《骆驼祥子》施译本为例
研究生姓名 董 青 学科、专业英语语言文学
研 究 方 向 翻译理论与实践
指 导 教 师 袁亦宁 副教授
南京航空航天大学
研究生院 外国语学院
二О一三年一月
On the Translation of Culture-specific Items
in Shi Xiaojing’s Camel Xiangzi from the
Cultural Translation Perspective
By
Dong Qing
Under the Supervision of
Associate Professor Yuan YiningSubmitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts
College of Foreign LanguagesNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
January, 7>2013
学位论文原创性声明英文I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another
person or material which has to a substantial extent been accepted for the award of any
other degree or diploma at any university or other institute of higher learning, except
where due acknowledgment has been made in the next
Signature:
Name:
Date:6
南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文i
Acknowledgements
Upon the completion of this thesis, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to
all who have helped me in writing this thesisFirst and foremost, I am greatly indebted to my tutor, Professor Yuan Yining, who
has offered a lot of suggestions on my paper and polished every page of my draftWithout his critical comments and illuminating instructions, this thesis would not have
been completed. His unfailing support and patient guidance have sustained me through
all the stages of writing this thesisThen, my thanks go to other teachers in the College of Foreign Languages of the
Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, especially Professor Fan Xiangtao,
Professor Shi Yunlong and Professor He Jiangsheng, from whose inspiring lectures I
have benefited a lot in writing this thesisLast but not the least, I would extend my genuine appreciation to my parents and
my friends. Their concern and support company me through three years‘ studies.
On the Translation of Culture-specific Items in Shi Xiaojing‘s Camel Xiangzifrom the Cultural Translation Perspective
ii
ABSTRACT
On the Translation of Culture-specific Items in Shi
Xiaojing’s Camel Xiangzi from the Cultural Translation
Perspective
Dong Qing
Translation, regarded as a social activity, is a means to interpret works from the
source language to the target one and spread one culture to another. It could hardly
break away from these cultural constraints. The increasing influence of cultural
studies on translation studies has given birth to the cultural turn of translation studiesSuch a turn of the research focus of translation from language and text analysis to the
relationship between translation and culture has broadened the research scope of
translation studies. Besides, translation is a process of making choices ranging from
selecting materials to the translation method of a single word. Therefore, it is
necessary to view translation against a broader context to seek the conditioning
factors of the translator‘s choice is necessary for a better understanding of the
decision-making processScholars at home and abroad have paid much of their attention to the translation of
culture-specific items, but most of them only enumerate several examples. It still has
much room for further studies at scientific and systematic levels
This thesis selects Luotuo Xiangzi which contains numerous culture-specific items
related to Chinese flavour and particularly Beijing customs and studies translation
南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文iii
methods the translator adopts in her Camel XiangziThree hundred and ninety-three culture-specific items are selected from the
original novel Luotuo Xiangzi and the translated text Camel Xiangzi and this thesis
divides them firstly into proper nouns and common expressions. Nida‘s classification
of five subcultures is taken as a reference to further categorize the above two groupsThese culture-specific items and their corresponding English expressions are the
source of data analysis and discussion. Based on ratios of translation methods and the
major translation strategy that the translator employs, this thesis adopts some concepts
of cultural translation studies to explore conditioning factors of translation choices so
as to provide reasonable explanations for the translator‘s decision Through the qualitative and quantitative research, following findings are madeFirstly, in translating culture-specific items in Luotuo Xiangzi, transliteration, absolute
universalization and intratextual explanation are translation methods of the highest
ratios. Secondly, domestication is the major translation strategy, accounting for 58.2%Thirdly, the major translation strategy of proper nouns and that of common expressions
differ significantly with 91.0% of proper nouns adopting foreignization and 78.6% of
common expressions domestication. Fourthly, cultural factors such as the state of
politics and economy, translation norms in the target culture, target readers and
ideology summarized from cultural translation studies are major constraints on the
translator‘s choice of translation methods and strategies when translating
culture-specific items from Chinese to EnglishKey words: culture translation, culture-specific items, translation methods, translation
strategies, conditioning factors, Camel XiangziOn the Translation of Culture-specific Items in Shi Xiaojing‘s Camel Xiangzifrom the Cultural Translation Perspective
iv
摘要
翻译作为文本阐释和传播手段是一种社会活动,受到一定时期多种文化因
素的制约。翻译理论研究受文化研究影响出现文化转向,研究方向转向宏观的社会文化背景,扩大了翻译研究的理论视野,而且,翻译是一个不断做出选择
的过程,从译本选取到词汇翻译方法的运用,无不体现出译者的抉择。因此,
将翻译至于更广阔的背景下来揭示译者选择的制约因素对于更好的了解翻译过
程十分必要。
文化专有项的翻译已引起一些国内外学者的关注,但多数只是罗列几个例
子。其系统性和科学性还有待进一步提高。论文选取《骆驼祥子》这一包含地
道北京风俗、具有鲜明中国特色的作品,研究其中数目众多的文化专有项在施
晓菁英译本中的翻译方法,具有重要的现实意义。
论文选取了《骆驼祥子》中 393 个文化专有项及施晓菁英译本中的对应表达
作为研究语料,首先将小说中文化专有项分为专有名词和普通表达两大类,每大
类下又细分为诸多小类以便于样本的选取和数据统计。在此基础上,分析统计结
果,辅以例证,考查不同类别文化专有项的翻译方法和翻译策略,进而运用文化
翻译理论解释译者翻译方法和策略选择的制约因素,为施译者的翻译选择提供了
合理解释。
论文通过定性和定量研究发现:1 施晓菁在英译《骆驼祥子》中文化专有
项时,音译、绝对世界化和文内解释为使用频率较高的三种翻译方法;(2)归化
的翻译策略占 58.2%的比例,为主导的翻译策略;3专有名词和普通表达两种文
化专有项主要的翻译策略存在巨大差异,91.0%的专有名词采用了异化翻译策而
78.6%的普通表达采用了归化的翻译策略;4从文化翻译理论中总结出的政治经
济地位、源语文化中翻译规范、目标读者和意识形态是制约施译者翻译方法和翻
译策略选择的主要因素。关键词:文化翻译理论;文化专有项;翻译方法;翻译策略;制约因素;《骆驼祥
子》施译本
南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文v
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements. 1
ABSTRACTii
摘要iv
Lists of Tables. vii
Chapter One INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Significance of the Research1
1.2 Purposes of the Research3
1.3 Structure of the Thesis 3
Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW. 5
2.1 Research on the Translation of Culture-specific Items5
2.2 Research on the Translation of Luotuo Xiangzi. 6
2.2.1 A brief introduction to Luotuo Xiangzi6
2.2.2 Research on English versions of Luotuo Xiangzi. 6
2.2.3 Research on translations of culture-specific items in Luotuo Xiangzi 7
Chapter Three THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 9
3.1 A Brief Overview of Cultural Translation Studies 9
3.1.1 The definition of cultural translation9
3.1.2 The development of cultural translation studies. 11
3.1.3 Primary issues of cultural translation studies14
3.2 Domestication and Foreignization. 19
3.2.1 Definitions of domestication and foreignization 19
3.2.2 Domestication vs. foreignization 19
3.2.3 Effects of domestication and foreignization. 21
3.3 Culture-specific Items and Their Translation22
3.3.1 Definitions of culture-specific items 22
3.3.2 Classifications of culture-specific items. 24
3.3.3 Translation methods of culture-specific items. 25
Chapter Four RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. 27
4.1 Research Questions27
4.2 Research Hypotheses 27
4.3 Data Collection 28
4.4 Research Methods. 28
4.5 Research Feasibility. 29
On the Translation of Culture-specific Items in Shi Xiaojing‘s Camel Xiangzifrom the Cultural Translation Perspective
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Chapter Five A STUDY OF TRANSALTIONS OF CULTURE-SPECIFIC ITEMS IN CAMEL
XIANGZI. 30
5.1 The Identification of Culture-specific Items. 30
5.2 Translation Methods of Culture-specific Items31
5.3 An Overall Analysis of Translation Methods and Strategies of Culture-specific Items in
Camel Xiangzi. 32
5.4 An Analysis of Translation Methods and Strategies for Proper Nouns and Common
Expressions in Camel Xiangzi. 35
Chapter Six CONDITIONING CULTURAL FACTORS OF TRANSALTING
CULTURE-SPECIFIC ITEMS IN CAMEL XIANGZI 37
6.1 The State of Politics and Economy 37
6.2 Translation Norms in the Source Culture39
6.3 Target Readers. 40
6.4 Ideology44
6.4.1 The social ideology45
6.4.2 The patron‘s ideology 46
6.4.3 The translator‘s personal ideology 50
Chapter Seven CONCLUSION53
7.1 Major Findings 53
7.2 Limitations of the Thesis 54
7.3 Suggestions for Further Research54
References. 55
Publication. 58
Appendix I Transliteration of culture-specific items in Luotuo Xiangzi. 59
Appendix II Linguistic translation of culture-specific items in Luotuo Xiangzi. 62
Appendix III Intratextual explanation of culture-specific items in Luotuo Xiangzi. 64
Appendix IIII Adaptation of culture-specific items in Luotuo Xiangzi68
Appendix V Absolute universalization of culture-specific items in Luotuo Xiangzi 69
Appendix VI Naturalization of culture-specific items in Luotuo Xiangzi. 72
Appendix VII Deletion of culture-specific items in Luotuo Xiangzi 74
Appendix VIII Established translation of culture-specific items in Luotuo Xiangzi 75
南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文vii
Lists of Tables
Table 1 Translation methods and their examples of culture-specific items………..…32
Table 2 The frequency and percentage of translation methods and the distribution of
translation strategies concerning culture-specific items in Camel Xiangzi…………33
Table 3 The frequency and percentage of translation methods and strategies of proper
nouns and common expressions…………………………………………………36
Table 4 Translations of the clothes in the material culture…………………..….44viii
南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文1
Chapter One
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Significance of the ResearchTranslation was regarded as a branch of linguistics so more emphasis was laid on
the linguistic approach. Enormous achievements as they accomplished, scholars also
confronted a number of difficulties. Partly because linguistic research methods have to
deal with great challenges when facing the peculiarity of literature phrases; partly
because though functioning as a media of importing and exporting culture, translation
generates different effects against different cultural backgrounds. Translation involves
not only the transforming of different languages but also mutual exchanges between
different cultures. It could not exist devoid of culture, therefore, viewing it in terms of
the immerse social and cultural context is beneficial for a deeper understanding of the
translating practice and cultural constraints during the translator‘s decision-making
process. The communication between translation studies and cultural studies highlights
the cultural turn of translation studies. The cultural turn means that the focus of
translation studies has shifted from linguistic and structural equivalence to
socio-cultural factors influencing the translation process. Translation is no longer the
production of a text equivalent to another one, but a complicated manipulation process
which involves intercultural as well as intra-cultural communication. Cultural
translation studies place translation in a wider macro time and space and facilitate a
new perspective on the nature of translation and the relationship of all aspects
involving in the translation process to examine its consistency with extratextual factors
liberates translation from the vacuum. Just as Susan Bassnett says ―a write does not
just write in a vacuum, he or she is the product of a particular culture, of a particular
On the Translation of Culture-specific Items in Shi Xiaojing‘s Camel Xiangzifrom the Cultural Translation Perspective
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moment in time‖. Bassnett, 2001: 136 Various factors in a certain historical context
act ―as constraints on the choice and development of both form and subject matter‖
Lefevere, 2004: 16 Plenty of ethnic groups formulate spectacular cultural characteristics during
thousand years of history and those cultural differences would in turn cause barriers for
the cross-cultural communication. How to translate culture-specific items, the
representative one of existing cultural elements, plays a vital role in promoting cultural
exchanges between China and foreign countries and in introducing Chinese civilization
to the world. Some scholars have conducted some relevant research, but they mostly
adopt prescriptive methods and try to establish some standards or rules of translating
culture-specific items for translators to observe. Few studies have been carried out in a
descriptive way associated with statistic analysis and further probed into conditioning
factors. Besides, empirical studies with accurate statistics are believed to be more
scientific and convincing so the systematic and scientific level of most current research
need to be improved Lao She has been widely regarded as an outstanding representative of Chinese
writers in the field of Chinese modern literature and his works show plentiful Chinese
customs and culture and thus are constituted of frequent-used culture-specific items
which embody rich Chinese features. Seldom can those culture-specific items get
counterparts in English on account of distinctions in languages and cultures. Compared
with the philology research on Lao She‘s masterpieces, studies of their corresponding
translated versions still lag behind. Then it comes to the fact that how to export
Chinese-characterized works has become the top issue about which the authority of
translation studies are concerned. This thesis selects Lao She‘s novel Luotuo Xiangzi
and its English version Camel Xiangzi to undertake a comparative research with regard
to the translating processSnell-Hornby 2001: 7 writes ―the study of languages has undergone radical
changes: the focus of interest has widened from the purely historical to the
南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文3
contemporary, from the prescriptive to the descriptive, from the theoretical system to
the concrete realization, from the micro-level of the sign to the macro-structure of text‖This research keeps pace with the tide and adopts a descriptive method to testify the
concrete translating procedure against the macro-structure1.2 Purposes of the ResearchCultural translation studies call for taking the whole culture into consideration
when doing research on translation studies and it is cultural factors that determine the
translators‘ decision-making process and translation strategies. Cultural conditioning
factors are underlined particularly when it comes to the translation of culture-specific
items. On the basis of a close reading of Shi Xiaojing‘s Camel Xiangzi and a
descriptive method, the present research is designed to discuss translation methods and
strategies of culture-specific items and further to sum up some cultural constraints
regarding cultural translation studies. It may provide a new perspective of viewing the
translation of culture-specific items in the cultural context, deepen the understanding of
their translations and help translation serve the cross-culture communication better
Purposes of this research are not to judge and criticize Camel Xiangzi but to present a
descriptive study according to an analysis of the translator‘s choice1.3 Structure of the ThesisThis thesis consists of seven chapters. The introduction part begins with the
significance, purposes and structure of the research. Chapter 2 reviews previous
research on the translation of culture-specific items and studies of the translation of
Luotuo Xiangzi. Chapter 3 is the theoretical framework, including the culture
translation, translation strategies of domestication and foreignization and a study of
culture-specific items. Chapter 4 introduces the research methodology, involving
On the Translation of Culture-specific Items in Shi Xiaojing‘s Camel Xiangzifrom the Cultural Translation Perspective
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research questions, research hypotheses, data collection, research methods and research
feasibility. Chapter 5 is a statistic analysis. Firstly, it selects different types of
culture-specific items, followed by processing their translation methods and strategiesThen it analyses the above data and concludes translation methods and the major
tendency. Chapter 6 explores conditioning cultural factors of these translation methods
and strategies. The final chapter summarizes major findings of the thesis and
limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed as well.
南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文5
Chapter Two
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Research on the Translation of Culture-specific Items Many papers in China discuss the translation of culture-specific items, most of
which can be categorized into two types. The first type adopts a prescriptive approachBy exploring translations of culture-specific items in some Chinese classics or
well-known literary works, those studies establish some rules of translating
culture-specific items. Ding 2005 studies ways of dealing with cultural barriers in the
Chinese to English and the English to Chinese translation and concludes two methods
of processing source cultural features: retaining them and liberal translation. Through
statistics and case studies, Fan 2008 explores some translation methods of
culture-specific items as well as their constraining factors with reference to
Wenxindiaolong. Zhai 2008, on the basis of the skopos theory, holds that different
translation methods can lead to the same effect and finally facilitate cross-cultural
communication as long as they have the same translation purpose. Li 2009
summarizes translation methods of cultural images in Chinese poetry. The second type
belongs to the empirical study, adopting the method of statistic analysis to conclude
translation methods but such studies
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